Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13), often referred to as "Climate Action," is a global initiative aimed at combating climate change and its detrimental effects. It calls for urgent measures to address climate-related challenges and emphasizes the integration of climate action into national policies and strategies. As a country with diverse climate zones and significant vulnerabilities, India plays a crucial role in the pursuit of SDG 13. This article explores India's position, achievements, challenges, and efforts towards climate action.
Climate Challenges in India
India's vast geographic diversity exposes it to various climate regimes, leading to an array of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, cyclones, and heatwaves. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identifies India as one of the most vulnerable countries to global warming. The consequences of climate change, including water stress, reduced food production, and intense weather events, are a cause for concern, particularly in agricultural economies like India.
Key Statistics
Fatality due to Extreme Weather Events in India (2018-19): In 2018-19, India experienced 2,045 fatalities due to extreme weather events. This equals 15 fatalities per 1 crore people.
Disaster Preparedness Scores in India: Disaster preparedness scores in India vary. Maharashtra scored the highest at 27.5, followed by Gujarat at 27. Jharkhand had the lowest score at 7.5, indicating room for improvement in disaster management systems.
Share of Renewable Energy in India (2020): As of 2020, India generated 36.37% of its total electricity from renewable sources, with a combined capacity of 90.4 GW from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and 45.7 GW from Large Hydropower Projects (LHPs).
CO2 Saving through Energy Efficiency (by December 2020): India saved 38.6 million metric tons of CO2 emissions by December 2020 through energy efficiency efforts, primarily the distribution of low-cost LED bulbs.
Air Pollution - Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) Rates: The national DALY rate due to air pollution was 3,469 per 100,000 population. These figures underscore the health impact of air pollution.
Initiatives, Programs, and Schemes
1. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): India's comprehensive strategy, initiated in 2008, outlines eight national missions focusing on sectors such as solar energy, sustainable agriculture, and water conservation. Additionally, 32 states and union territories have developed State Action Plans for Climate Change (SAPCC) to address climate-related challenges at the regional level.
2. International Solar Alliance (ISA): India co-founded ISA with France, aimed at harnessing solar energy and reducing the cost of solar technology and financing. ISA encourages solar energy adoption in solar-rich regions worldwide.
3. Clean Energy Transition: India has set ambitious renewable energy targets, including 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030. Investments in solar, wind, hydro, and other clean energy sources are underway to reduce the country's reliance on fossil fuels.
4. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): This program provides clean cooking fuel to households below the poverty line, reducing indoor air pollution and dependence on traditional fuels.
5. FAME India Scheme: The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme encourages electric vehicle adoption to reduce emissions from the transportation sector.
Panchamrit and LIFE
Panchamrit, introduced by India at COP26, represents a quintessential approach to climate action. Comprising five vital elements, this initiative is designed to enhance India's contributions to mitigating climate change.
Reach 500GW Non-fossil energy capacity by 2030.
50 per cent of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
Reduction of total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now to 2030.
Reduction of the carbon intensity of the economy by 45 per cent by 2030, over 2005 levels.
Achieving the target of net zero emissions by 2070.
Panchamrit encapsulates India's holistic approach to addressing climate change by touching upon various aspects of environmental sustainability.
LIFE – 'Lifestyle for Environment' is a visionary concept put forth by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to underscore the importance of individual and collective actions in combating climate change. It encourages people to adopt environmentally friendly lifestyles that are in harmony with the planet. LIFE emphasizes the incorporation of sustainable practices, conservation, and moderation into daily routines. By promoting this citizen-centric approach, India aims to create a broader movement where each person plays a role in reducing their carbon footprint, contributing to a healthier environment, and safeguarding the planet for future generations.
Challenges and Future Prospects
Despite India's efforts, challenges remain. Balancing economic growth with environmental protection, addressing energy needs while reducing coal dependence, and promoting behavioral change for sustainable practices are ongoing challenges. Climate equity and international cooperation are essential for effective climate action.
Conclusion
India's commitment to SDG 13, Climate Action, is evident in its policies, programs, and initiatives. The nation's proactive approach and leadership in international climate negotiations set a positive example. While challenges persist, India's focus on renewable energy, disaster resilience, and reducing emissions intensity reflects its dedication to building a sustainable and climate-resilient future. India's journey towards climate action is a vital part of the global effort to combat climate change and achieve the goals of SDG 13.
The data presented is based on the reports provided and may have undergone changes since the time of their publication.
Source: The Global Goals | SDG India Index(2019-20) | PIB | SDG India Index(2020-21) | PIB
Note for UPSC Aspirants: For UPSC aspirants interested in exploring further, here are some keywords to guide your research: Sustainable Development Goals, UNFCCC, NAPCC, FAME, Renewable Energy, Green Infrastructure, Circular Economy, Green Building, Biodiversity Conservation.
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