Genetically Modified (GM) crops have been a hotly debated topic, and the recent approval of the genetically-engineered Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 (DMH-11) by India's Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) has intensified the controversy. As activists raise concerns about potential risks and environmental impacts, it is essential to examine the pros and cons of GM mustard to make informed decisions about its widespread adoption in Indian agriculture.
GM Mustard's Background
DMH-11, a hybrid variant of mustard, is the result of genetic manipulation carried out by researchers at The Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi. Its development aimed to overcome the challenge posed by the self-pollinating nature of mustard, allowing plant breeders to induce desirable traits effectively. The approval of GM mustard is viewed as a potential solution to address food security concerns and reduce India's reliance on expensive edible oil imports.
Pros of GM Mustard
Improved Yield: Trials conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) showed that DMH-11 exhibited 28% higher yields than its parent Varuna and outperformed local varieties by 37%. This improved productivity could significantly benefit Indian farmers and help reduce the country's edible oil import bill.
Enhanced Food Security: With a growing population and increasing edible oil consumption, GM mustard offers the potential to enhance food security by boosting domestic oil production, reducing the need for imports, and ensuring a stable supply of edible oils.
Platform Technology: DMH-11's success with the barnase-barstar system demonstrates its potential as a platform technology for developing newer and better hybrids. This could pave the way for further advancements in agriculture, leading to increased crop productivity and resilience.
Cons of GM Mustard
Environmental Concerns: The introduction of foreign genes through genetic engineering raises concerns about potential environmental impacts, such as disrupting natural ecosystems and threatening biodiversity. There are fears that GM mustard plants may discourage essential pollinators like bees, leading to unforeseen ecological consequences.
Biosafety Risks: Critics argue that not enough research has been conducted to fully understand the long-term health and environmental risks associated with GM mustard. Activists express concerns over biosafety data and the potential harm to human and soil health, necessitating further investigation before widespread cultivation.
Herbicide Tolerance: The use of the bar gene in GM mustard, making it tolerant to the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium, has sparked controversy. Activist groups allege that the herbicide-tolerant trait poses potential risks to both human health and the environment.
Political and Public Divide: The approval of GM mustard has divided opinions among politicians and the public. While both Congress and BJP at the central level have expressed support for GM crops, some state governments still have reservations and lack consensus on the use of GM technology.
Conclusion
The approval of DMH-11, the first genetically modified food crop in India, has ignited a robust debate surrounding the pros and cons of GM mustard. While it shows promise in improving crop yields and addressing food security challenges, concerns about biosafety, environmental impacts, and potential herbicide tolerance persist. As the matter awaits resolution in court, it is crucial for stakeholders to carefully evaluate scientific evidence, assess potential risks, and engage in a well-informed dialogue to determine the future of GM mustard in Indian agriculture. Striking a balance between scientific progress, food security, and environmental sustainability will be vital in shaping India's agricultural landscape for years to come.
Note for UPSC Aspirants: For UPSC aspirants interested in exploring further, here are some keywords to guide your research: Barnase-barstar system, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), Ethical Considerations in GM Crop Adoption, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Source: The Hindu | The Indian Express
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